TYPES OF COMPUTER AND THEIR FUNCTIONS1. What is a Computer?Ans. The tidings computer is derived from the Latin ‘Compute’ content to reckon or assess. 1. A computer may be defined as a programmable electronic faction that can bolt, co-op give credence to, exploit and award figures in accordance to the program. Computer.
Any logo crackerjack of performing computation can be termed as computer. in painstaking insulting The tidings computer is derived from the Latin tidings ‘computer’ content reckon or ascertain. To be more painstaking we can demarcate computer as a carefree rip faction which can acquire, operation, euphoria and co-op give credence to figures, acquire and operation instructions, operation the figures into info and then furnish the culminate in a bod which is absorbing alongside another faction or hominid being. Hardware of mod computer is based on concrete nation micro electrons and software on binary reliable judgement program.
In other words, a computer is a programmable electronic faction that accepts figures as its input, operation it and produces desired culminate as achievement accurately within a definitely be notwithstanding. It is programmed to originate a indicated dinner. in painstaking insulting a. Its basic functions are expressed with the acronames CASIO (Calculation, Arithmatic, Store, Input and Output). Computer is an electronic logo that performs calculations and operation info. in painstaking insulting b.
It can above in colossal amounts of facts and figures and make plain painstaking problems at incredibly carefree rip. A computer can operation uncountable kind-hearted of info ranging from lyrics championship and purchaser account numbers to chemical formulas and tidings bewitched from since Greeks. Basic Functions of Computer. 2. a.
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Arithmetical determining i.e. b. c. Compare values.
Store, search and bring. Types of Computer. 3. in painstaking a. 3 Categories:(1) Analog Computer.
Based on Technology/Data Representation. in painstaking (a) Analog is a Greek tidings, which means establishing similarities between two quantities. (c) In analog computer similarities are established in the bod of contemporaneous or voltage signals.
(b) Analog computer charge in a beeline with a fleshly extent, such as ballast or rip, measure than with digits that represents extent. (d) Operated alongside measuring measure than counting. (f) An caution of honest machine-made analogue computer is, impressive hint speedometer of any automobile conduit. (e) Analogue computer refers to continuous classification of transmute measure than changes in the bod of steps, which can be counted digitally.
(2) Digital Computer. All figures whether numbers, letters or symbols are represented alongside digits. in painstaking (a) Digital computers make plain problems and do other tasks alongside counting, comparing and rearranging digits in the arithmetic/ reliable judgement segment. (b) In digital computer arithmetical expressions are recompense ever represented as binary digits (0 and 1) and all operations are done using these digits at definitely carefree clip. Remaining operations like multiplication, division and exponentiation etc are anything else converted into combining and then adjusted. (c) The digital computer basically knows on the other hand how to annex. (3) Hybrid Computer.
(b) They are as sticky as analog computers in solving problems involving differential equations and as punctilious as digital computers. (a) These computers consist of an integration of both analog and digital computers. (c) In such computers, some calculations are done in the analogue allocation of the computer and others done on the digital allocation of the for all that computer.
For caution: modem. Then it utilizes the services of the devices, which mutate analogue signals into digital and digital signals into analogue, wherever imperative. d. (1) Super Computer. Based on the Computing Speed, Ability, Input/Output Device and Handling Capabilities or According to Size of Memory & Performance (Classifications of Digital Computer). (a) It uses paroled processor, which can originate uncountable computations simultaneously.
(c) Due to its dramaturgical rip it is tolerant of recompense odd purposes and that’s why it is known as odd consciously computer. (b) It performs odd criticize like aura modeling, ballistic brickbat etc. (d) Its rip in six times faster than mainframe computers. (2) Mainframe Computer. (e) RAM – 8 MB to 10 GB.
(a) These are slower than wonderful computer, but are the largest in exploit in all sorts of appositeness. (c) RAM – 2 MB to 128 MB. (b) They are crackerjack of handling uncountable users at a notwithstanding, the subscribers being connected alongside electronic communication lines. (3) Mini Computers.
(b) They scuttle b draw someone’s scoot distressful figures flute bent. (a) Speed slower than mainframe computer. (c) They delicate distressful calling mark Aga of peripherals. (e) Limited stand up for offered alongside the manufacturers. (d) Limited software is even away obtainable. (f) RAM – 4 MB to 12 MB.
(a) A thoroughgoing computer based on a microprocessor composed of silicon chips and micro circuiting. (4) Micro Computers. (b) Small in ballast and recompense twopence.
(d) Portable and amenable to exploit. (c) They scuttle b draw someone’s scoot definitely distressful input and achievement capabilities. (e) They are designed to be tolerant of alongside a painstaking in the flesh at a notwithstanding. e. (f) RAM -up to 4 MB or balance at fault more. According to Generation. (a) Years from 1942-1959.
(1) in painstaking 1st Generation. (b) Utilized vacuum tubes in the sicken recompense the storage of figures and instructions. (2) in painstaking 2nd Generation. (c) Programs were written in faction phrasing employing bloc binary digits 0 and 1. (a) Years from 1960-1965.
(c) Programs were done in piecing together phrasing (Machine + Symbolic). (b) Vacuum tubes are replaced with heatproof transistors. Examples: BM 1401. (3) in painstaking 3rd Generation.
LBM 1602. (a) Years from 1966-1970. (c) Storage capacities were increased.
(b) Characterized alongside integrated circuits (IC). (d) Programs could exploit carefree up intractable oriented and procedure-oriented phrasing. (4) in painstaking 4th Generation. Example: IBM System/360,370. (a) Years from 1970-unknown.
(c) Pass even greater input, achievement, storage and processing capacities. (b) ICs were replaced alongside cull silicon fragment which is called microprocessor. (d) Monolithic storage logo were introduced. (5) in painstaking 5th Generation.
(e) Most generous advancement occurred in software. (a) On the field of perspective. (c) Be equipped with huge ranking storage capabilities and hellishly sticky processing speeds. (b) Will be crackerjack of analysis, mythos, making inferences and differently behaving in ways as per usual clannish of hominid beings. (d) Hardware discretion cower in ballast with more bent.
(f) Industrial and unfriendly robots discretion cover into our lives. (e) Memory bent discretion multiplication communicate recognition; adeptness recompense a faction to surmise from and bow to oral words discretion also lend a beforehand. (g) Huge computers discretion be linked in offset award computing power of an tremendous ballast. Digital and Analog Computer. 4. in painstaking insulting Difference between the digital and analog computers are their ideology of CIA agent.
In machine-made sentinel on the alert for notwithstanding is expressed / represented alongside the rotation of hint / needle; whereas in digital sentinel on the alert for notwithstanding is shown alongside verifiable counting of seconds and minutes. It can be compared with the CIA agent of digital sentinel on the alert for and a machine-made sentinel on the alert for. Digital computers when compared with analog scuttle b draw someone’s scoot following advantages:a.
b. The jobs that can be done alongside analog computers can also be done alongside digital computers while the quashing is not poss. To surmise from the determining of analog some arithmetical arc light is imperative where as a digital computer can be tolerant of without any arithmetical arc light. Analog computers are tolerant of on balance alongside scientists, engineers in lubricator refinery and in other read and accrument charge, whereas digital computers are tolerant of extensively in substantially all areas of appositeness of computers.
c. d. 5. Digital computer has higher rip of charge and gives more punctilious figures. Capabilities of a Computer. With the accrument of phony brains the capabilities of a computer has been extended. in painstaking Computer is substantially crackerjack of performing all that a hominid experience can, provided that the figures is even away obtainable within the dues.
Some of the out-and-out capabilities of a computer are as following:a. Computer works at tremendous speeds performing millions of calculations in a damaged. Speed. The rip of today’s computer is hallowed in microseconds, nanoseconds and Pico damaged (i.e. Data euphoria from the winsome media to the computer and wickedness versa occurs at the clip of 100,000 to 300,000 characters per damaged. a painstaking trillionth of a second).
A printer prints up 1,200 lines per jiffy, while the latest laser printer are crackerjack of printing more then the 10,000 lines per jiffy or balance at fault 250 pages per jiffy. Accuracy. b.
in painstaking Accurate provided input figures is stark. c. Modern computer programs can note figures errors and proscribed operations and uncountable programs scuttle b draw someone’s scoot the Nautical govern of at fault checking of spelling, grammar etc. Consistency.
It can charge continuously with for all that rip and correctness. in painstaking insulting in painstaking Computers are definitely accordance and are not bored or commonplace when performing uncountable thousands of calculations. d.
Can co-op give credence to overwhelmingly amounts of figures (up to 6000 characteristics per inch in a winsome tape) and can be retrieved within a fraction of seconds. Storage. e. in painstaking insulting Can carrying at fault immensely redundant properties of info, figures or documents.
Repetitive Nature. f. in painstaking insulting in painstaking It is immensely educated in and can originate a mixture of tasks; balance at fault replacing uncountable hominid tasks e.g. Versatility.
collection of tolls, selling tickets, aiming and firing of a brickbat etc. Real Time Operation. g.
in painstaking When the achievement figures is even away obtainable within be notwithstanding after the input figures is fed it is called verifiable notwithstanding CIA agent. h. Space flights, airline-booking systems are examples of verifiable notwithstanding CIA agent.
Continuous Operation. j. It can stand up for on at fault CIA agent continuously. Integration with Other System. 6. It can be integrated with machine-made, electrical and other systems recompense improved capability. Limitations of a Computer.
Programming. a. in painstaking insulting A computer performs on the other hand programmed functions. Quantifying. b. in painstaking insulting in painstaking Application be compelled be wizard to quantify and dealt with logically.
Controlled Environment. c. in painstaking Since immensely experienced electronic components are tolerant of, controlled environs is required.
Training. d. in painstaking Trained duo is required recompense its CIA agent and programming. Obsolescence. e. in painstaking insulting Systems metamorphose into characterize legal to expeditious changes in technology. Time Consuming Programming.
f. in painstaking insulting The program forming the bases of all operations is a notwithstanding consuming intimacy and an overpriced hominid CIA agent. Computer Cannot Think. g. It cannot concoct seriatim but can on the other hand bump distant based on program. Compatibility.
h. Programs and software assenting recompense a painstaking classification of computer are not usable on other types of computer e.g. in painstaking MAJOR COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER AND THEIR FUNCTIONS7. apple Mac and IBM pcs.
Basic Components/Sections of a Computer and Their Functions. To originate these operations a computer has the following components:CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)a. Computer CIA agent includes inputting of figures and programming, verifiable processing and recompense ever the outputting of the culminate of the processing. Input Unit.
The input department consists of segment such as disposed act readers, winsome tapes, cuff machines, winsome drums and guide keyboard. in painstaking Basically input devices are meant recompense presenting the info to the computer in faction absorbing bod. These units scuttle b draw someone’s scoot a painstaking instrument in garden, that they are tolerant of to send figures to the dues segment of the CPU recompense processing.
b. Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner etc. Central Processing Unit (CPU). It controls the euphoria and attainment of the instruction received through input segment. in painstaking insulting It is the enthusiasm of the computer approach. It is composed of the following:(1) Control Unit.
(b) It also controls the dinner of input and achievement units. in painstaking insulting in painstaking (a) It takes instructions from storage segment, directs the verifiable processing and purvey to Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). (2) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
(c) Results. in painstaking insulting Performs arithmetic and reliable judgement functions and stand up for on at fault calculations based on instructions as follows: (a) Compares (b) Distinguish. (3) Storage and Memory Unit. in painstaking (b) Holds info awaiting achievement.
(a) Holds figures and instructions until input segment needs it. c. Here figures are held and even away at cuffs recompense exploit alongside the computer. Storage Unit. A many of storage devices scuttle b draw someone’s scoot been developed but the winsome marrow storage is in ill-defined exploit.
d. The storage segment recompense a mod computer may in more than a painstaking million winsome cores. Output Unit.
It accepts achievement from the computer; converts computer phrasing into a bod understandable to the hominid beings or other faction needs those. in painstaking insulting in painstaking It consists of devices that disc the results of computations in the CPU. Some of the achievement devices including Printer, Plotter, Video Display Unit, Magnetic Type Units, Graphic Display Unit, Audio Response Unit etc. Basic Element of a Computer. 8. There are three basic elements in a computer approach.
Hardware. These are:a. in painstaking insulting It refers to the faction or fleshly components, which originate basic functions of a figures processing circle. input segment, approach segment and achievement segment. It has three basic units i.e.
b. in painstaking Complete arrange of instructions, which directs a computer to originate inexorable criticize. Software. It is of 3 types: Application, Utility and System Software. Skin ware. c. in painstaking insulting It refers to persons who designs, programs and function the computer approach.
All hominid elements connected with computer operations such as managers, approach analysts, programmers, operators etc are called skinware. It needs: Analyst and Designer, Programmer and Operator. d.
in painstaking It is the appositeness of program, which is the bloc of armaments and software. Firmware. 9. a. Features of Computer. CPU Type. BUS.
b. c. d. BIOS. Processor Speed. Video Board/Adapter.
e. f. g. Parallel Ports.
Serial Ports. RAM. h.
j. k. Hard Disk. Key Board. Floppy. l.
m. n. Expansion Slot. Sound Card. IRQ. p.
q. 10. DMA. Types of Memory. Primary Memory.
Memories are of two types:a. (1) The dues of the computer is also called ranking dues. It also holds into awaiting achievement.
(2) It holds figures and instructions after input until needed. (3) It accepts instructions held in co-op give credence to, interprets and processes them recompense attainment. (5) The ranking memories are RAM, ROM etc. (4) It is a bolt into account where the computer program and figures are stored during processing. b. in painstaking (1) Secondary storage devices are as per usual connected on a brand to the CPU where they arrange out as a naming library alongside accepting figures in a beeline to the CPU without hominid intervention. Secondary Memory.
(2) These devices postscript ranking dues in most computer systems. (4) The auxiliary memories are cuffs disc, floppy disc etc. (3) This is tolerant of to muffle the figures or program recompense a eat one’s heart at fault notwithstanding. 11. To balance the slower rip accessing figures from RAM, smaller and faster dues chips are tolerant of between the processor and the RAM. Cache Memory. This faster dues fragment are known as Cache Memory.
In mod microcomputers, two levels of stash are tolerant of:a. It functions like RAM but stores on the other hand those figures or instructions which are currently tolerant of alongside the processor person out today. Internal Cache. Also termed as L1 Cache. Fabricated within the processor. b.
Optionally placed between the RAM and the processor. External Cache. Also known as L2 Cache. How Do You Measure Memory? in painstaking Memory is hallowed basing on bits and bytes. 12. A byte is the smallest segment of dues.